New reflective coating will keep homes of the future cooler: The Guardian

Tests show coating can reduce solar heating by up to 20% – and it doesn’t just come in white

Santerini, Greece

Painting homes white, as residents have done in Santorini, Greece, can help keep the interior cool.

Photograph: Aris Messinis/AFP/Getty

As the dazzling buildings on the Greek island of Santorini demonstrate, painting your home white helps to keep it cool. Wearing white clothes is also a good way of beating the heat on hot days.

But it isn’t easy to keep white clothes clean, and some of us like a bit more colour in our lives. Thankfully, a new ultra-reflective coating will offer a kaleidoscope of cooling colours to choose from.

Yuan Yang, a materials scientist at Columbia University in New York City, and colleagues have developed a specialised paint coating made from two layers. The bottom layer is made using a porous polymer that scatters and reflects infrared light; the upper layer is a commercial coloured paint.

Testing carried out on a sunny summer’s day showed the black version of the two-layer paint kept an object 15.6C (28.8F) cooler than standard black paint. If applied to a building the scientists estimate their coating could reduce solar heating on a wall by 10-20%.

The research, reported in the Science Advances journal, suggests the new coating is adaptable and could be used to paint buildings, cars and even textiles, giving the residents of Santorini the option of a colour change.

Read The Guardian Story

Kate Ravilious

@katerav

Published on Tue 23 Jun 2020

Is your local government body climate change ready?

Three local government areas in or near Melbourne, Australia,

have encouraged their residents to be climate change ready by planning for:

• wildfire

• flood

• storms

• heat waves

• sea rise

• coastal inundation

• drought

climateready.com.au

Visit climateready.com.au for ideas and planning information.

Your local government may have similar information. If not, you can ask why not.

How to prepare for climate change: Bradford Council

Here we have one local government area preparing its residents for climate change.

"What is climate change adaptation?

Even if we slow down climate change by reducing our carbon emissions we will still see some impact in the Bradford District. Adaptation is how we adjust to the different climate and the process of preparing for extreme weather.

The main weather events likely to impact on the Bradford district are:

• floods 
• droughts 
• heat waves 
• severe winds 
• severe snowfall

Are you ready for climate change?

We need to prepare for the impacts of climate change, to reduce the risks to you, your property and the District.
The weather in Bradford is changing. The summers will become warmer and drier and the winters wetter and milder. Adapting to climate change must become a part of our life. We must adapt our property, communities and lifestyles for more extremes of weather.
Be prepared and take action - climate change is happening
We can all take simple steps to make sure we are ready for the extremes in weather:

Adapt your home and property

Flooding

You don’t have to live near a river for your property to flood, in Bradford surface water flooding is a big issue this is when rain cannot enter the drainage system so flows over the surface, this can affect property even at the top of a hill.

• flood proof your property
• keep valuables, precious items and documents on higher ground
• make sure you have insurance cover for your property and contents
• avoid tarmac or paving over the garden, as this prevents rain draining away

More advice on flood proofing your home is available from the Environment Agency. Further information can also be found on our flooding pages.

Heatwaves and drought

Temperatures are likely to rise and we are likely to have more heat waves. The hot temperatures can affect our health, particularly young and elderly people. It may also affect the availability of water.

• install blinds at the windows
• create an area of shade in your garden where you can sit to cool off

Try to conserve water:

• install a water butt, it's a good idea to connect it to a drainpipe. The rainwater collected can be used to water plants and wash the car
• reuse bath water to water plants
• use mulch on the garden, a protective layer on the soil prevents moisture loss, you can also use pebbles, gravel, chipped bark, grass clippings
• take shorter showers, you could even fit a low flow shower head
• don't let water run while washing your face - brush your teeth while waiting for the hot water then fill a basin to wash or shave
• operate dishwashers and clothes washers only when they are fully loaded, or properly set the water level for the size of load you are using
• stop drips - a dripping tap can waste more than 60 litres a week, thousands in a year. Turn off all your taps fully and fix leaky taps around the home

Better to act now – otherwise the impacts can be both costly and timely

Prepare yourself for extreme weather

Be aware of the impact the weather may have on you, people you know and the community.
Things to consider:

• in a heat wave wear sun screen and a hat and drink plenty of water
• snowfall and icy weather can make people more prone to falls so take care
• weather can affect transport networks, making it difficult to get around
• services may be disrupted in times of extreme weather, winds can bring down power lines and water pipes may freeze during cold periods
• be aware of vulnerable members of your community they may need extra help
• be aware of the needs of any elderly or sick relatives
• have a list of emergency contacts and numbers
• be prepared for an emergency have a plan and an emergency kit bag

It is important to identify

1. what the risks are 
2. who is most vulnerable 
3. have a plan of action ready

Contact details

The Environment and Climate Change Unit


Email : eccu@bradford.gov.uk

Documents

• Get ready for the unexpected leaflet (1 Mb)

Related pages

• Cold weather advice
• Advice for hot weather and heat waves
• What to do if it floods

Other pages in this section

• What is climate change and how will it affect the UK?
• Environmental support for businesses
• Policies and targets
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report
• HECA Report and ECO Flexible Eligibility
• Better Homes Bradford
• Electric vehicle charging points
• Reducing your emissions
• Fuel Poverty - Framework for Action
• White Rose Energy
• Climate emergency and green economy

© 2020 City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council

Climate change is deadlier than the Coronavirus: CAA

 Food
Climate variability and extreme weather events are among the most important factors that have led to the recent increase in world hunger and are one of the main causes of serious food crises. After a decade of steady reduction, hunger is on the rise again: more than 820 million people were hungry in 2018.

...................................................

"Health: 

more deaths and illnesses driven by climate change

People’s health and health systems are paying an increasingly high price because of extreme heat conditions.

In 2019, high temperatures in Australia, India, Japan and Europe broke all records and adversely affected the health and well-being of the population. In Japan, an intense heat wave resulted in more than 100 deaths and 18,000 additional hospital admissions. In France, more than 20,000 visits to the emergency department for heat-related illnesses were recorded between June and mid-September, and during two major heat waves there were 1462 deaths in the affected regions.

In addition, changes in climatic conditions that have occurred since 1950 facilitate the transmission of the dengue virus by Aedes mosquitoes and increase the risk of contracting the disease. The global incidence of dengue fever has increased dramatically in recent decades, and the risk of infection affects approximately half of the world’s population."

Read the original complete article

Prepare Australia's transport now for climate change or face costly transport chaos

"As the transport systems in our major cities come under pressure, some commuters and communities are experiencing negative effects such as high transport costs and travel times, congestion, overcrowding, noise, air pollution, and reduced physical activity.

Crucially, our transport systems are failing when it comes to tackling climate change."

Waiting for the Green Light: Transport Solutions to Climate Change 13.09.18 By Greg Bourne, Will Steffen and Petra Stock

Click here to download the full report.

 

"AUSTRALIA is stuck in the slow lane on transport pollution, as one of a handful of OECD countries without greenhouse gas emissions standards for vehicles.

Our new report, ‘Waiting for the Green Light: Transport Solutions to Climate Change’ shows that transport is Australia’s second largest source of greenhouse gas pollution, after electricity."

 "Transport is now Australia’s second largest source of greenhouse gas pollution after electricity, and the sector has seen the largest percentage growth (62.9%) since 1990."

 

Click to enlarge

From: https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/transport-climate-change/

"At a number of international conferences, transport ministers have addressed the need for CO2 abatement and improved fuel efficiency in the transport sector, mainly through:

1. Innovative vehicle technologies, advanced engine management systems and efficient vehicle powertrains;
   

Olli, a 3D-printed autonomous bus that’s looking to revolutionize transit.

Local Motors

1. The use of sustainable biofuels, not only of the first generation (vegetable oil, biodiesel, bio-alcohols and biogas from sugar plants, crops or animal fats etc.), but also of the second (biofuels from biomass, non-food crops including wood) and third generations (biodegradable fuels from algae);
   
   
2. An improved transport infrastructure together with Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) to avoid traffic congestion and to foster the use of intermodal transport (road, rail and waterways);
   See related UNECE work
   

Reference

1. Consumer information (campaigns for eco-driving*, use of public transport and modal transport etc.);
   See related UNECE work and joined UNECE/WHO work on THE PEP
   
   
2. Legal instruments (such as tax incentives for low carbon products and processes, taxation of CO2 intensive products and processes, etc.).
   See related UNECE work

UNECE.ORG 

In Australia a "A variety of factors, including relatively low fuel prices and patterns of urban development, have led to heavy dependence on road transport. Given the significant contribution that road transport makes to greenhouse gas emissions, measures are needed to encourage road transport users to switch to less carbon-intensive modes"

Maddocks:  Climate Change and the Transport Sector


AIR


In the meantime, there are a number of measures that the aviation sector can adopt to mitigate emissions, including: 

• more fuel efficient aircraft, such as through advanced propulsion systems, utilization of lightweight materials, and improved aerodynamics and air frame designs 

• use of lower carbon fuels navigation systems and air traffic control techniques that minimise fuel use


Maddocks:  Climate Change and the Transport Sector


SEA

Maddocks:  Climate Change and the Transport Sector

GENERAL

"In conjunction with a review of the regulatory regimes, consideration needs to be given to how climate change can be more effectively accounted for to reduce the risks for transport infrastructure. 

 Some options include: * mandatory assessments of climate change risks by infrastructure owners and operators review of the standards for transport infrastructure development to ensure that the infrastructure can withstand the effects of climate change – now and in the future 

* the imposition of a use-based tax to support additional maintenance and repair measures that may be needed to address the effects of climate change establishing a direct link between revenues collected from road users and the allocation of funding for infrastructure construction and maintenance to ensure adequate funding exists to address the effects of climate change. 

With respect to mitigation, there are a range of mitigation measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector, including mode-specific measures as well as more general actions regarding design of transport and transport usage.  Most of the mode-specific mitigation measures relate to road transport. 

Uptake of these measures, particularly the voluntary measures, may be limited until a carbon price is introduced. In the meantime, greater emphasis is needed on making transit-oriented design the norm and changing individual’s habits regarding their transportation choices. Improving less carbon-intensive transport choices – particularly, rail transport – will help to achieve this. 

Broader consideration also needs to be given to mitigation options for the other modes, particular air and shipping transport. However, adoption of measures for these modes may be delayed until global responses have been developed."

Maddocks:  Climate Change and the Transport Sector



“The issue goes two ways in transport. Typically, road and air transport are considered major contributors to climate change, making up 23 percent of CO2 emissions,” said Professor Levinson.

“But transport is also vulnerable, particularly due to so many facilities like roads and bus terminals being in flood zones, for instance New Jersey Transit lost $US120 million in damage to buses after Hurricane Sandy.
 

Flooded Tunnel

“Many transport facilities are also below grade, tunnels like those in the New York Subway were severely damaged from flooding during Sandy. Airports being at low elevations along the coast are at risk of sea-level rise. Extreme heat can cause road buckling, freeze-thaw cycles cause pavement cracking and potholes. 
 

Bridges will require strengthening

 

Dr Mark's map depicts projected landfall hazard in 2050. Blue is water, green is safe (low risk), yellow is medium risk, red is high risk.

“Extreme weather increases the variability of weather, and roads designed for a particular climate range may fail more quickly. All of these add costs to design and retrofit, as well as decreasing reliability for users.”"  University of Sydney Study

Prepare your home for climate change

WARNING: Some of the Australian Government data quoted in 2013 such as the amount of predicted temperature increase and sea level rise appear to be quite conservative estimates that are probably now outdated. Many scientists now predict much higher levels of sea rise. 

For example NASA predicts: Sea Level Will Rise 1-4 feet by 2100

All material below from The Australian Government's site  'Adapting to climate change'  

Adapting to climate change

 

"Adaptive strategies for building design

Adaptive strategies should be considered for these climate change variables:

• temperature increase and heatwaves
• bushfires
• cyclones and extreme wind
• severe thunderstorms and high intensity rainfall events
• flooding
• sea level rise and storm surge
• low rainfall."

"A home provides its occupants with a refuge from the climate, but as the climate changes, the home may not be able to meet this need. In general, temperatures are increasing, sea levels are rising and extremes in the weather are more likely. If climate change is considered when a home is being designed or altered, it is likely to remain comfortable for longer, possibly for its whole life.

Although it is important to minimise the extent of climate change through mitigation measures such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the opportunity to avoid the impacts of climate change altogether has passed (DCCEE 2010). If we want to ensure that our homes remain ‘as safe as houses’ we need to consider and adapt to the future climate.

In Australia the average life of a brick home is 88 years and a timber home is 58 years (Snow and Prasad 2011); many last much longer than this. Decisions that are made about homes today will therefore continue to have consequences for many decades.

Photo: Karen Disney

Many old homes are loved and used still.

Australia, because of its size, has a range of climates which will vary in their response to climate change. In general there will be:

• higher temperatures
• higher annual rainfall in the north, lower rainfall in the south
• longer periods of drought
• increased number of days of very high, extreme or catastrophic fire danger
• increased risk and intensity of severe weather such as tropical cyclones, floods, hailstorms and droughts.

Photo: Robyn McLean

The home was built to withstand the extremes of the Top End tropical climate.

Adequate insurance will help to protect you financially against extreme events. To ensure that it meets needs, you should:

• know the specific impacts relevant to your region
• review your current insurance
• consider seeking professional advice.

You already consider the future when acquiring, building or just living in a home: for example, how livable will it be, will it accommodate a growing family, is it affordable, and is it likely to increase in value. You should also ask what the climate will be like and whether the home will suit these conditions. Take into account your objectives, how long the home is intended to last and any regulatory requirements.
 

Photo: Simon Wood Photography
Fixed awnings have been fitted on west and east facing windows to provide extra shading.

 

Climate change

Noting that the impacts of climate change will vary from region to region the best estimates are that by 2030 Australia will face:

• about 1°C of warming, resulting in more heatwaves (CSIRO and BOM 2007; Australian Academy of Science 2010)
• up to 20% more months of drought (CSIRO and BOM 2007)
• up to 25% increase in days of very high or extreme fire danger (CSIRO and BOM 2007)
• increases in storm surges and severe weather events (CSIRO and BOM 2007; Australian Academy of Science 2010)
• a sea level rise of about 15cm (Australian Academy of Science 2010).

If emissions continue unabated the impacts are likely to be more severe in the future (Australia Academy of Science 2010).
Research the likely climate change impacts for your location and base your decisions upon your findings. There are many sources of information about climate change, including your local council, who may also be able to provide information about planning controls that could guide home design.



 

Photo: Simon Wood Photography

One central source is www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au. For further information about impacts at a state or territory level, see relevant government websites.

Adaptive strategies for building design

Adaptive strategies should be considered for these climate change variables:

• temperature increase and heatwaves
• bushfires
• cyclones and extreme wind
• severe thunderstorms and high intensity rainfall events
• flooding
• sea level rise and storm surge
• low rainfall.

Many of the options outlined below are from Snow and Prasad (2011). Seek advice from a professional, e.g. an architect or designer, before making changes to the design or redesign of your home.

Bushfires

A significant increase of very high, extreme or catastrophic fire danger days is expected. Minimising fuel loads — things that burn — close to the home will reduce the risk (Gibbons et al. 2012). Keep yard growth trimmed, clear dead wood and rubbish often and use metal rather than wood for fences.

There are several architectural ways to minimise the risk of the home burning and/or maximise the safety of the occupant:

Photo: Rollashi

• Install shutters and sprinkler systems in high risk zones.
• Ensure that the roof minimises the risk that burning embers will be caught.
• Use building materials that are fire resistant.
•  

Cyclones and extreme wind

Although the total number of cyclones is expected to decrease, high wind events and tropical cyclones of greater intensity may increase; their range could also move further south (CSIRO and BOM 2007).
Extremely strong winds can place a great strain on buildings; any damage to homes can cause subsequent damage to their contents. 

To minimise the risks:

• use improved fixing systems in the roof structure and the subfloor (increasing the strength in one area may cause another area to fail: consult a professional)
• design buildings to minimise the wind loads
• use impact resistant materials for external cladding
• ensure building materials are largely waterproof and drainage design is effective, particularly for flashing, vents and penetrations.

In an established home, ensure the structural fixing elements have not been compromised by corrosion or previous cyclones (Snow and Prasad 2011).

Severe thunderstorms and high intensity rainfall events

An increase in high intensity rainfall events has been projected but it is difficult to predict whether thunderstorms — hail, wind and tornados — will increase in number and/or intensity. Indications are that hailstorms will increase over the south-east coast of Australia, potentially leading to impact damage and moisture penetration.
Given the significant damage that hailstones can inflict it may be worthwhile preparing homes for the impacts. Options for reducing damage include:

• selecting roof materials that are impact resistant (e.g. metal rather than terracotta)
• designing or installing appropriate window protection.

Consider ‘the four Ds’ when managing water flow about the home to reduce damage from high intensity rainfall: deflection (keep it out), drainage (get it out if it gets in), drying (allow wet materials to dry) and durability (select materials that can withstand the effects) (Walford 2001). Options include:

• designing or installing window protection
• ensuring roofs are well maintained
• creating greater capacity to detain and harvest water from a deluge
• selecting materials that can withstand moisture
• ensuring there are drainage cavities in walls
• improving the detailing to roof edges, open decks, walls and joinery, retaining walls, floors, balconies, wall−roof junctions and roofs.
• ensuring internal and box guttering can withstand a 1-in-100 year rainfall event.

Capturing the extra rain and using it to irrigate green spaces may also offer advantages, such as reducing heat island effects (built-up areas become hotter than nearby rural areas).

 

Floods

 

The projected increase in rainfall intensity is likely to result in more flooding events. Flooding can be localised or associated with a river system. Possible impacts include water damage to the home and its contents, the undermining of foundations and the contamination of the home by sewage or mud (Snow and Prasad 2011).
The risk of flooding to homes can be reduced by not building in areas which could flood, i.e. along river floodplains and on low-lying coastal areas. Other options to reduce flooding risk include:

• exceeding minimum floor levels
• constructing multistorey homes and using the lower level for non-living areas
• using water resistant materials (e.g. concrete, fibre cement)
• ensuring that drainage allows water to escape after the flood
• raising vulnerable equipment (e.g. service meters)
• building a limited life dwelling to minimise financial outlay
• building a levee around the house
• designing a garden that will safely redirect water.

Raising floor level heights may not only reduce the risk of flooding but could also have beneficial effects on passive thermal design (e.g. by increasing subfloor circulation to cool the house). However, using fill to increase the height of the floor may disturb acid sulphate soils so make sure you have a sound knowledge of the site (see Choosing a site).

Source: © Cox Rayner Architects

Design of a home that could cope with flood conditions.

 

Sea level rise and storm surge

 

Although the coastline of Australia has changed throughout time it has been fairly stable for the last 6,000−7,000 years (DCCEE 2009). More recently, between 1950 and 2000, global sea levels have been rising by an average of 1.8mm per year, a rate that has increased to over 3mm since the mid-1990s (this rate varies significantly around Australia) (CSIRO and BOM 2007). With 85% of the Australian population living in coastal regions, susceptibility to both sea level rise and storm surge is concerning (Snow and Prasad 2011).


Storm surges occur when intense onshore winds push waves harder against the coast, and have the most impact during high tides. Other factors that increase the impact of storms are wind strength and direction and coastal characteristics (CSIRO and BOM 2007).
As a result homes near coastlines and estuaries may thus be more likely to flood and may have to cope with rising watertables. 

Greater foreshore erosion could also expose more homes to the impacts of storm surges and sea level rise (particularly for sandy coasts). Stormwater systems may be less able drain into the sea and therefore may cause flooding further inland (Camilleri 2000).

Source: CSIRO and BOM 2007

Characteristics of tide, waves and storm surge combined.

Three strategies can deal with sea level rise and storm surge: protect (e.g. construct sea walls), accommodate (live with the impact) and retreat (DCCEE 2009; Snow and Prasad 2011).

Options for accommodating the risk or retreating include:

• elevating the home
• ensuring the parts of the home that may flood can cope (e.g. the foundations)
• building a limited life home to minimise financial outlay
• building a transportable home.

For further information about the vulnerability of the coastline of Australia see Climate change risks to Australia’s coast: a first pass national assessment (DCCEE 2009) or consult local government risk assessments.

Low rainfall

 

In areas where rainfall will decline, droughts will be more severe. Flows into water supply catchments will decrease and evaporation of water and transpiration from trees increase due to higher temperatures (CSIRO and BOM 2007).

Photo: G. Smith

Minimising water use and maximising water efficiency and capture are essential for ensuring there is enough water to maintain lifestyles (see Water).

Author

Author: Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, 2013

Preparing to prevent more war and conflict caused by climate change

"Heatwaves, floods and rising temperatures have led to armed conflict in ethnically divided countries, according to new academic research."

http://priceofoil.org/2016/07/26/climate-change-can-cause-conflict/http://priceofoil.org/2016/07/26/climate-change-can-cause-conflict/

 
"Intensifying climate change will increase the future risk of violent armed conflict within countries, according to a study published today in the journal Nature. Synthesizing views across experts, the study estimates climate has influenced between 3% and 20% of armed conflict risk over the last century and that the influence will likely increase dramatically."

"Climate change-driven extreme weather and related disasters can damage economies, lower farming and livestock production and intensify inequality among social groups. These factors, when combined with other drivers of conflict, may increase risks of violence."

"Planning ahead

Reducing conflict risk and preparing for a changing climate can be a win–win approach. The study explains that adaptation strategies, such as crop insurance, post-harvest storage, training services and other measures, can increase food security and diversify economic opportunities, thereby reducing potential climate–conflict linkages. 

Peacekeeping, conflict mediation and post-conflict aid operations could incorporate climate into their risk reduction strategies by looking at ways climatic hazards may exacerbate violent conflict in the future.

https://www.climatechangenews.com/2014/03/06/us-military-says-climate-change-could-increase-wars-conflict/

More Research is Required

"However, the researchers make clear there is a need to increase understanding of these strategies’ effectiveness and potential for adverse side effects. For example, food export bans following crop failures can increase instability elsewhere.

“Understanding the multifaceted ways that climate may interact with known drivers of conflict is really critical for putting investments in the right place,“ Mach said."

https://news.stanford.edu/2019/06/12/climate-change-cause-armed-conflict/ 

https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change-wars-global-warming-conflict-refugees-walls-wont-help-general-warns-a7381031

  

' “If we want to solve [these problems] with narrow nationalistic instincts, we will be adding more problems, not solving them.” '

https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change-wars-global-warming-conflict-refugees-walls-wont-help-general-warns-a7381031

Prepare for Economic Chaos

"The Climate Council’s report, ‘Compound Costs: How Climate Change is Damaging Australia’s Economy’, finds there are few forces affecting the Australian economy that can match the scale, persistence and systemic risk associated with climate change."

"As the Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia noted, the risks that climate change poses to the Australian economy are “ first order” and have knock-on implications for macroeconomic policy (Debelle 2019)."

https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/compound-costs-how-climate-change-damages-australias-economy/

 

 

"5. The severe costs of climate change outlined in this report are not inevitable. To avoid the costs of climate change increasing exponentially, greenhouse gas emissions must decline to net zero emissions before 2050. Investments in resilience and adaptation will be essential to reduce or prevent losses in the coming decades.

• Increasing resilience to extreme weather and climate change should become a key component of urban planning, infrastructure design and building standards.
• Buildings and infrastructure must be built to withstand future climate hazards and to facilitate the transition to a net zero emissions economy.
• A credible national climate policy is needed to safeguard our economy by reducing the direct costs of climate change, and avoiding economic risks associated with a sudden, disruptive or disorderly transition to net zero emissions. "      https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/compound-costs-how-climate-change-damages-australias-economy/

 

"3. The property market is expected to lose $571 billion in value by 2030 due to climate change and extreme weather, and will continue to lose value in the coming decades if emissions remain high.

• One in every 19 property owners face the prospect of insurance premiums that will be effectively unaffordable by 2030 (costing 1% or more of the property value per year).
• Some Australians will be acutely and catastrophically affected. Low-lying properties near rivers and coastlines are particularly at risk, with flood risks increasing progressively and coastal inundation risks emerging as a major threat around 2050.
• Certain events which are likely to become more common because of climate change are not covered by commercial insurance, including coastal inundation and erosion.
• More than $226 billion in commercial, industrial, road, rail, and residential assets will be at risk from sea level rise alone by 2100, if greenhouse gas emissions continue at high levels. "        https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/compound-costs-how-climate-change-damages-australias-economy

  ---

"Extreme events like droughts, heatwaves, cyclones and floods have an impact on agriculture and food production; this is already affecting Australia’s economy and will cost us much more in the future."

https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/compound-costs-how-climate-change-damages-australias-economy

“We will pay for climate breakdown one way or another, so it makes sense to spend the money now to reduce emissions rather than wait until later to pay a lot more for the consequences… It’s a cliché, but it’s true: An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” 

Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz, a professor at Columbia University

https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/06/20/climate-change-economy-impacts/

Related:    Prepare for more severe storms

#jailclimatecriminals   #gaolclimatecriminals   #climatescience   #economy

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